# Critical Thinking

> 【EN】Critical thinking is a widely accepted educational goal. Its definition is contested, but the competing definitions can be understood as differing conceptions of the same basic concept: careful thinking directed to a goal. Conceptions differ with respect to the scope of such thinking, the type of goal, the criteria and norms for thinking carefully, and the thinking components on which they focus. Its adoption as an educational goal has been recommended on the basis of respect for students’ autonomy and preparing students for success in life and for democratic citizenship. “Critical thinkers” have the dispositions and abilities that lead them to think critically when appropriate. The abilities can be identified directly; the dispositions indirectly, by considering what factors contribute to or impede exercise of the abilities. … 【中】批判性思维是广为接受的教育目标。其定义存在争议，但相互竞争的定义可理解为同一基本概念的不同构想：指向目标的审慎思考；差别在于思考的范围、目标的类型、所依据的标准与规范，以及所关注的思维成分。它被列为教育目标，理由包括尊重学生自主性、为人生成功与民主公民身份做准备。批判性思考者拥有在适当时刻进行批判性思考的倾向与能力。

- ID: m13182
- Category: structure
- Domain: 逻辑学

## Definition

批判性思维是广为接受的教育目标，其定义虽有争议，但各种定义可视为同一基本概念的不同构想：指向目标的审慎思考。各构想在思考的范围、目标类型、审慎所依据的标准与规范、以及所聚焦的思维成分上有所差别。 脚手架作用：- 论证拆解：把主张拆成前提与结论，逐条检查支持关系。 - 标准审查：明确判断所依据的标准，防止用直觉代替理由。 - 目标校准：先问思考服务什么目标，再决定审慎的深度。

## How it works

批判性思维的有效性来自把思维本身当作对象：把断言、理由、假定与推论结构显性化，再用清晰性、相关性、充分性等规范检验。标准因领域而异，因此它既非固定的技巧清单，也非单纯否定式的批判，而是与领域规范、反思倾向绑定的能力群。

## Practice

1) 明确思考的目标与要回答的问题，把结论与理由分开列出。2) 检查理由是否相关且充分，隐含假定是否成立。3) 用该领域的规范（证据、逻辑、举证责任）检验推论。4) 寻找反例与替代解释，据此修正结论。

## Use

- 论证拆解：把主张拆成前提与结论，逐条检查支持关系。 - 标准审查：明确判断所依据的标准，防止用直觉代替理由。 - 目标校准：先问思考服务什么目标，再决定审慎的深度。

[Read the web page](https://thinkingmodels.site/en/entries/detail/m13182)