# Disagreement

> 【EN】We often find ourselves in disagreement with others. You may think nuclear energy is so volatile that no nuclear energy plants should be built anytime soon. But you are aware that there are many people who disagree with you on that very question. You disagree with your sister regarding the location of the piano in your childhood home, with you thinking it was in the primary living area and her thinking it was in the small den. You and many others believe Jesus Christ rose from the dead; millions of others disagree. It seems that awareness of disagreement can, at least in many cases, supply one with a powerful reason to think that one’s belief is false. … 【中】我们经常发现自己与他人意见相左：你认为核能风险太高不该建核电站，却知道很多人不同意；你相信某事而数百万人不信。意识到分歧似乎至少在许多情形下能给人一个强有力的理由，让人认为自己的信念为假。词条讨论分歧与信念、信念分歧与行动分歧、回应方式与随后的置信水平、与上下级和同侪的分歧，以及等权重观、坚定观、辩护观与全证据观。

- ID: m13191
- Category: culture
- Domain: 哲学

## Definition

分歧的认识论问题是：意识到他人与自己意见相左，似乎至少在许多情形下能提供一个强有力的理由，让人认为自己原本的信念是错的。词条关注这种意识应当如何改变我们的信念与置信度。 脚手架作用：- 置信调节：遇同水平反对者，按规则下调自己的把握。 - 对手评估：先判断对方是否同样知情且理性，再定让步幅度。 - 让步边界：区分可协商的经验分歧与难通约的价值分歧。

## How it works

其机制是把他人的信念当作关于共同证据的独立迹象：若对方能力相当却得出相反结论，证据支持你这一点的可靠性就被削弱了。等权重观由此要求折中，坚定观主张你可以合理保留对自己推理的信任，辩护观与全证据观则分别诉诸可用的辩护与全部证据。

## Practice

1) 判断对方是否为认知同侪：能力与证据是否相当。2) 区分信念分歧与行动或偏好分歧，后者不产生同样压力。3) 明确自己握有而对方没有的一手根据。4) 按所选立场调整置信度并说明理由，而非简单取平均。

## Use

- 置信调节：遇同水平反对者，按规则下调自己的把握。 - 对手评估：先判断对方是否同样知情且理性，再定让步幅度。 - 让步边界：区分可协商的经验分歧与难通约的价值分歧。

[Read the web page](https://thinkingmodels.site/en/entries/detail/m13191)