# Virtue Epistemology

> 【EN】Contemporary virtue epistemology (hereafter ‘VE’) is a diverse collection of approaches to epistemology. At least two central tendencies are discernible among the approaches. First, they view epistemology as a normative discipline. Second, they view intellectual agents and communities as the primary focus of epistemic evaluation, with a focus on the intellectual virtues and vices embodied in and expressed by these agents and communities. This entry introduces many of the most important results of the contemporary VE research program. These include novel attempts to resolve longstanding disputes, solve perennial problems, grapple with novel challenges, and expand epistemology’s horizons. In the process, it reveals the diversity within VE. … 【中】词条介绍这一研究纲领的主要成果：其先驱与当代起源、理智德性的本性、常规与另类的德性；并展示它在知识、认知价值、归功与语境主义等问题上提出的新解，包括解决长期争论、处理老问题、应对新挑战以及拓展认识论边界的尝试。

- ID: m13204
- Category: culture
- Domain: 认识论

## Definition

当代德性认识论是一组多样的认识论进路，可辨出两条共同倾向：一是把认识论视为规范学科，二是把理智行动者与共同体作为认知评价的首要对象，聚焦于它们所体现与表达的理智德性和恶习。 脚手架作用：- 评价认知品格：把注意力从单个信念转向提问是否耐心、是否愿听反面意见等习惯。 - 归功于行动者：判断一个真信念是出于能力还是出于运气，区分认知成就与侥幸。

## How it works

把知识理解为源于理智德性的成功：真信念之所以有价值，是因为它可以被归功于行动者稳定的认知品格。评价焦点由此从单个信念转移到产生信念的能力、习惯与共同体实践。

## Practice

1) 确定评价对象是单个信念还是认知者及其品格；2) 找出该认知表现所凭借的理智德性；3) 判断成功是否可归功于这一德性而非运气；4) 用相应的恶习（如轻信、固执）解释失败案例。

## Use

- 评价认知品格：把注意力从单个信念转向提问是否耐心、是否愿听反面意见等习惯。 - 归功于行动者：判断一个真信念是出于能力还是出于运气，区分认知成就与侥幸。

[Read the web page](https://thinkingmodels.site/en/entries/detail/m13204)