# The Problem of Evil

> 【EN】The epistemic question posed by evil is whether the world contains undesirable states of affairs that provide the basis for an argument that makes it unreasonable to believe in the existence of God. This discussion is divided into eight sections. The first is concerned with some preliminary distinctions; the second, with the choice between deductive versions of the argument from evil, and evidential versions; the third, with alternative evidential formulations of the argument from evil; the fourth, with the distinction between three very different types of responses to the argument from evil: attempted total refutations, defenses, and theodicies. The fifth section then focuses upon attempted total refutations, while the sixth is concerned with defenses, and the seventh with some traditional theodicies. … 【中】词条分八节展开：先做若干预备性区分，接着讨论在演绎版与证据版的恶的论证之间如何选择，再给出证据版的不同表述；随后区分对恶的论证的三类回应——彻底反驳、辩护与神义论；还处理抽象与具体表述、价值论与道义论表述、归纳逻辑与证据论证的关系，以及“不存在最好的可能世界”这一回应。

- ID: m13207
- Category: culture
- Domain: 伦理学

## Definition

恶所提出的认识论问题是：世界上是否存在这样一些不良事态，它们能构成论证，使相信上帝存在变得不合理；这一论证有演绎版本与证据（归纳）版本之分，二者论证力不同。 脚手架作用：- 检验信念融贯：把一组属性断言与现实观察并置，检查它们是否仍能同时成立。 - 区分论证强度：分辨是演绎版的不相容还是证据版的概率削弱，避免错判力度。

## How it works

若上帝被设定为全知、全能且全善，则似乎不应有无可辩护的恶存在。现实中恶的存在，要么与这组属性逻辑上不相容（演绎版），要么构成反对上帝存在的强证据（归纳版），论证的成败取决于采用哪种表述与何种恶。

## Practice

1) 明确所设定的上帝具有哪些属性；2) 选择演绎版还是证据版论证；3) 说明所援引的恶是哪一类、强度如何；4) 判断回应属于彻底反驳、辩护还是神义论；5) 检验它是否诉诸更大的善或自由意志等条件。

## Use

- 检验信念融贯：把一组属性断言与现实观察并置，检查它们是否仍能同时成立。 - 区分论证强度：分辨是演绎版的不相容还是证据版的概率削弱，避免错判力度。

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