# Game Theory and Ethics

> 【EN】Game theory is the study of interdependent choice and action. It includes the study of strategic decision making , the analysis of how the choices and decisions of a rational agent depend on (or should be influenced by) the choices of other agents, as well as the study of group dynamics , the analysis of how the distribution of strategies in a population evolves in various contexts and how these distributions impact the outcomes of individual interactions. It should be distinguished from decision theory , the study of individual choice in contexts where the agent is choosing independently of other agents, and from social choice theory , the study of collective decision making. Our focus will be on the relevance of game theory to ethics and political philosophy. For a thorough discussion of game theory and its relevance to other areas of philosophy see the entry on game theory . … 【中】词条梳理历史，考察道德的职能、社会制裁策略与改良决策理论的策略，讨论这一“调和计划”的局限；随后考察博弈论与契约论的结合——议价问题、社会契约的演化进路——并追问坏规范为何能持续存在。它明确区分于研究独立选择的决策理论与研究集体决策的社会选择理论。

- ID: m13214
- Category: decide
- Domain: 决策科学

## Definition

博弈论研究相互依赖的选择与行动，既包括策略性决策——理性主体的选择如何受他人选择影响或应当受其影响——也包括群体动力学，即策略在群体中的分布如何在不同情境下演化并影响个体互动的结果。 脚手架作用：- 重构收益结构：把道德规范理解为改变得失的装置，让合作不再吃亏。 - 化解共同灾难：在个人理性导致集体最差的局面中，寻找可自我执行的协调解。

## How it works

当结果取决于多人的选择，个体理性与共同最优可能分离。道德规范可被视为改变博弈收益结构的装置：把囚徒困境式的结构改造成协调结构，使合作不再吃亏，从而在不要求人人变好的前提下改善结果。

## Practice

1) 列出参与方、可选策略与各自的收益；2) 求解均衡并识别其性质；3) 把均衡结果与共同最优做比较；4) 追问何种规范或制度能改变收益结构；5) 评估该规范的稳定性与正当性，并注意坏规范同样可能稳定。

## Use

- 重构收益结构：把道德规范理解为改变得失的装置，让合作不再吃亏。 - 化解共同灾难：在个人理性导致集体最差的局面中，寻找可自我执行的协调解。

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