# Arguments for Incompatibilism

> 【EN】We believe that we have free will and this belief is so firmly entrenched in our daily lives that it is almost impossible to take seriously the thought that it might be mistaken. We deliberate and make choices, for instance, and in so doing we assume that there is more than one choice we can make, more than one action we are able to perform. When we look back and regret a foolish choice, or blame ourselves for not doing something we should have done, we assume that we could have chosen and done otherwise. When we look forward and make plans for the future, we assume that we have at least some control over our actions and the course of our lives; we think it is at least sometimes up to us what we choose and try to do. … 【中】词条考察为不相容论辩护的几类主要论证。我们深信自己拥有自由意志，慎思时假定有多种可选行动，后悔时假定本可以另作选择，而决定论似乎与这些假定冲突。文中依次讨论基于直觉的“无分叉路径论证”、操控论证、源头性论证，以及围绕选择与后果论证展开的争论。

- ID: m13222
- Category: culture
- Domain: 哲学

## Definition

不相容论主张自由意志与因果决定论不能同时为真。支持它的论证通常从日常慎思与选择的经验出发：我们假定自己面前有多条可选路径，也假定本可以作出不同的选择，而决定论似乎排除了这种可能性。 脚手架作用：- 责任归因：追问行为是否本可有替代选项，判断归责是否成立。 - 决定论检验：用后果论证检验某行为是否早已被因果链条锁定。 - 操控识别：借操控情形辨别行为是否真正源于行动者自身。

## How it works

决定论意味着给定过去与自然定律，只可能有一种未来。若“本可以另作选择”要求存在真实的分叉路径，决定论便与之冲突。操控论证从另一角度切入：被暗中操控者虽具备通常的行动能力，我们仍不认为他自由，可见自由还需行为最终源于行动者自身。

## Practice

1) 明确所争的是哪一种自由：能否另作选择，还是行为是否出于自身；2) 检验决定论是否真的排除了该种自由；3) 用操控案例测试：若把因果链换成操控者，直觉是否改变，据此判断哪个条件才是关键。

## Use

- 责任归因：追问行为是否本可有替代选项，判断归责是否成立。 - 决定论检验：用后果论证检验某行为是否早已被因果链条锁定。 - 操控识别：借操控情形辨别行为是否真正源于行动者自身。

[Read the web page](https://thinkingmodels.site/en/entries/detail/m13222)