# Skepticism

> 【EN】Philosophical skepticism is interesting because there are intriguing arguments for it despite its initial implausibility. Many contemporary epistemological positions can be fruitfully presented as responding to some aspect of those arguments. For example, many discussions in the philosophy of science can be traced back to Humean skepticism about induction. Questions regarding principles of epistemic closure and transmission are closely related to the discussion of what we will call Cartesian Skepticism, as are views according to which we are entitled to dismiss skeptical hypotheses even though we do not have evidence against them. The traditional issue of the structure of knowledge and justification, engendering Foundationalism, Coherentism, and Infinitism, can be seen as resulting from one main argument for what we will call Pyrrhonian Skepticism. … 【中】哲学怀疑论之所以值得研究，是因为它虽然初看极不可信，却有引人深思的论证支持。当代许多认识论立场，都可以被呈现为对这些论证的回应。例如，科学哲学中的许多讨论可追溯到休谟对归纳的怀疑；关于认识闭合与传递的问题，则与笛卡尔式怀疑论密切相关。词条讨论三种基本的怀疑论形式，以及语境主义、无限主义与融贯论等回应。

- ID: m13312
- Category: culture
- Domain: 认识论

## Definition

哲学怀疑论之所以有趣，是因为尽管它初看极不可信，却存在引人入胜的论证支持它。当代许多认识论立场，都可以被有效地理解为对这类论证某一方面的回应。 脚手架作用：- 闭合检验：检验知识主张是否在所有已知蕴涵下封闭。 - 底线设定：确定须先排除哪些假说才配得上说知道。 - 稳健测试：用怀疑假说测试日常主张的抗压程度。

## How it works

怀疑论论证的力量来自它极简的结构：你不知道自己不在做梦，而如果你不知道这一点，就也不知道自己正坐在书桌前。这条推理依赖闭合原则——知识在已知蕴涵下封闭。因此回应怀疑论，通常要么拒斥闭合，要么主张我们对日常命题无需排除怀疑假说。

## Practice

1) 把怀疑论论证拆成前提，逐条列出；2) 确定你打算拒斥哪一条：闭合原则、传递性，还是无知前提；3) 检查这一拒斥是否有独立动机，而不只是为了逃出结论；4) 考察它对日常知识的影响。

## Use

- 闭合检验：检验知识主张是否在所有已知蕴涵下封闭。 - 底线设定：确定须先排除哪些假说才配得上说知道。 - 稳健测试：用怀疑假说测试日常主张的抗压程度。

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