# Weakness of Will

> 【EN】(1) Julie chose b over a , even though she knew b was more expensive than a . There is nothing puzzling about Julie’s choice. Perhaps Julie was choosing among vacation options, and b was a week’s vacation in Paris, while a was a week’s vacation in Peoria. In any event, Julie evidently took the overall merits of b to outweigh those of a , even if b was inferior from a financial standpoint. (2) Jimmy opted for d over c , despite his judging c to be a healthier choice than d . Again, we find Jimmy’s decision unremarkable. Perhaps c and d were competing dessert options: c , let us suppose, was a dish of dry Wheaties, rich in fiber and whole grain, whereas d was a gossamer-light yet oh-so-rich Valrhona chocolate mousse. Jimmy obviously (and reasonably!) assessed d as the better dessert option all things considered, even though he knew d was less good for his health than c would be. … 【中】词条围绕意志薄弱是否可能这一核心争论展开，考察黑尔关于意志薄弱不可能的主张与戴维森关于其可能性的论证，并讨论把意志薄弱视为潜在理性的立场、转换话题的处理方式，以及拓宽讨论的其他路径。争点在于能否在承认行动者最佳判断的同时解释其相反的行为。

- ID: m13339
- Category: culture
- Domain: 哲学

## Definition

意志薄弱指行动者明知某选项更好，却仍然选择较差的那个。词条以对比说明其特殊性：朱莉选了更贵的巴黎而非便宜的皮奥里亚，这并不奇怪；吉米明知c更健康却选了d，才是意志薄弱的情形。 脚手架作用：- 冲突定位：区分明知更好却不做与判断错误这两种情形。 - 限定判断：检查行动依据的是全盘判断还是就某方面而言的判断。 - 情境预设：提前改变诱因与执行条件，减少当场动摇。

## How it works

困难来自实践推理的原则冲突：若人总是按自己所判断的最佳理由行动，意志薄弱在概念上就不可能。戴维森式的解决是区分无条件判断与就某方面而言的判断，说明行动所依据的判断可以是被限定的，从而在保留理由解释的同时容纳意志薄弱。

## Practice

1) 确认行动者是否真有相反的最佳判断；2) 区分就某方面更好与总体上更好；3) 检查是否存在欲望或注意力转移导致的判断失效；4) 据此判断属于意志薄弱还是判断本身变了。

## Use

- 冲突定位：区分明知更好却不做与判断错误这两种情形。 - 限定判断：检查行动依据的是全盘判断还是就某方面而言的判断。 - 情境预设：提前改变诱因与执行条件，减少当场动摇。

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