# 哲学分析方法

> 【EN】Analysis has always been at the heart of philosophical method, but it has been understood and practised in many different ways. Perhaps, in its broadest sense, it might be defined as a process of identifying or working back to what is more fundamental by means of which something, initially taken as given, can be derived, explained or reconstructed. The derivation, explanation or reconstruction is sometimes conceived as the corresponding process of synthesis, but it is more often counted as part of the analytic project as a whole. This allows great variation in specific method, however. The aim may be to get back to basics and elucidate connections, but there may be all sorts of ways of doing this, each of which might be called ‘analysis’. … 【中】词条给出分析的一般界定，梳理各个传统中对分析的不同称呼与刻画，然后依次考察古代、中世纪与文艺复兴、近代、分析哲学之外的现代构想，以及分析哲学内部的理解。它展示出：虽然回溯到更根本者这一线索贯穿始终，具体方法却差异极大。

- ID: m13151
- 分类: structure
- 领域: 逻辑学

## 定义

分析指这样一种程序：从被给予的东西出发，回溯到更根本的东西，使得前者能被后者导出、解释或重构。它一直处在哲学方法的核心，但被理解和实践的方式千差万别，与之相对的综合有时被视为独立过程，更多时候被并入分析整体。 脚手架作用：- 回溯拆解：把结论拆回前提，让含混之处暴露出来。 - 排序根基：追问哪些命题在解释上更基本，重构依赖次序。 - 检验前提：对拆出的基本单元逐一审查，看它是否站得住。

## 机制

分析之所以能推进理解，是因为它假定存在结构上的优先次序：有些东西在解释上或认识上更基本。把复合物拆成组成部分、把结论拆成前提、把命题拆成概念，都能让原本含混的整体变得可检验。但什么算更根本随时代而变，故分析的程序也随之改变。

## 练习

1) 明确待分析项，是一个概念、命题还是论证；2) 追问它能由什么更基本的东西导出或被解释；3) 给出分解后的重构，检查是否覆盖原项的各个用法；4) 用反例检验重构，若出现偏差则回到第二步重新切分。

## 脚手架用法

- 回溯拆解：把结论拆回前提，让含混之处暴露出来。 - 排序根基：追问哪些命题在解释上更基本，重构依赖次序。 - 检验前提：对拆出的基本单元逐一审查，看它是否站得住。

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