# 唯理论与经验论

> 【EN】In its most general terms, the dispute between rationalism and empiricism has been taken to concern the extent to which we are dependent upon experience in our effort to gain knowledge of the external world. It is common to think of experience itself as being of two kinds: sense experience, involving our five world-oriented senses, and reflective experience, including conscious awareness of our mental operations. The distinction between the two is drawn primarily by reference to their objects: sense experience allows us to acquire knowledge of external objects, whereas our awareness of our mental operations is responsible for the acquisition of knowledge of our minds. In the dispute between rationalism and empiricism, this distinction is often neglected; rationalist critiques of empiricism usually contend that the latter claims that all our ideas originate with sense experience. … 【中】词条以两类经验的区分为起点：感官经验使我们获得关于外部对象的知识，对心智运作的意识则负责关于我们心灵的知识。文中分别刻画唯理论与经验论的立场，并考察唯理论常携带的三个论题：直觉与演绎论题、天赋知识论题与天赋概念论题，检视双方关于知识来源与确定性的分歧。

- ID: m13287
- 分类: technical
- 领域: 科学方法论

## 定义

唯理论与经验论之争，在最一般的意义上关乎我们在获得关于外部世界的知识时，在多大程度上依赖经验。经验通常被分为两类：涉及五种指向世界的感官的感官经验，与包含对我们心智运作之意识的反思经验。 脚手架作用：- 来源定位：追问某命题的根据是理性演绎还是感官材料，再定其可靠性。 - 分歧诊断：识别对方隐含的知识来源假设，抓住争论真正的分歧点。

## 机制

分歧的根源在于：感官经验只提供个别的、可变的材料，而关于普遍必然真理的知识似乎要求更强的来源。唯理论诉诸理性直觉与演绎，认为某些知识或概念先于经验而在；经验论则主张观念的质料全部来源于经验，理性的作用只在于组合与比较。

## 练习

1) 明确争议命题属于哪类知识：数学、形而上学还是经验科学；2) 追问其来源是感官、反思还是理性；3) 检查是否预设了天赋观念或天赋知识；4) 考察该主张对知识确定性的承诺是否过强。

## 脚手架用法

- 来源定位：追问某命题的根据是理性演绎还是感官材料，再定其可靠性。 - 分歧诊断：识别对方隐含的知识来源假设，抓住争论真正的分歧点。

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