# 自我指涉与悖论

> 【EN】In the context of language, self-reference is used to denote a statement that refers to itself or its own referent. The most famous example of a self-referential sentence is the liar sentence : “This sentence is not true.” Self-reference is often used in a broader context as well. For instance, a picture could be considered self-referential if it contains a copy of itself (see the animated image above); and a piece of literature could be considered self-referential if it includes a reference to the work itself. In philosophy, self-reference is of specific interest in relation to the analysis of language, but also to the analysis of the mind. Self-reference is also a field of special interest in mathematics and computer science, in particular in relation to the foundations of these sciences. … 【中】在语言的语境中，自我指涉指一个陈述指称它自身或自身的指称对象；最著名的例子是说谎者语句。自我指涉也用于更广的语境：一幅画若包含自身的复制可算自我指涉，文学作品提到作品本身同样如此。词条考察语义悖论、集合论悖论与认知悖论，追问这些悖论共有的结构，并讨论无否定与无自我指涉的悖论。

- ID: m13309
- 分类: structure
- 领域: 逻辑学

## 定义

在语言的语境中，自我指涉指的是一个陈述指称它自身或它自身的指称对象。最著名的例子就是说谎者语句：“这个句子不是真的”这句话。 脚手架作用：- 结构识别：识别语句是否把自身真值设为否定目标。 - 系统诊断：诊断规则体系因自我指涉产生的内部矛盾。 - 层级分离：用对象语言与元语言的区分阻断循环。

## 机制

自我指涉本身并不必然导致矛盾，问题出在它与否定或等价的语义概念结合时：语句的真值条件恰好指向自身的假，于是赋值在真与假之间来回摆动，无处落脚。说谎者、罗素悖论与认知悖论之所以看起来相似，正因为它们共享这种自我施加的否定结构。

## 练习

1) 遇到可疑的语句或定义，先检查它是否指涉自身；2) 看它是否同时包含否定或等价的语义概念；3) 试着给它赋值，观察是否产生摆动；4) 若会，就需要限制自我指涉或作分层处理。

## 脚手架用法

- 结构识别：识别语句是否把自身真值设为否定目标。 - 系统诊断：诊断规则体系因自我指涉产生的内部矛盾。 - 层级分离：用对象语言与元语言的区分阻断循环。

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